Pest is the main enemy for farmers. So far, farmers use pesticides to eradicate pests. In limiting the use of pesticides, pest eradication efforts in biology, among others the use of natural enemies and creating pest-resistant plants.

1. Bacillus thuringiensis
bioinsektisida produces a toxin against the larvae of insects.
Transplant-toxin-producing genes in plants to produce plants which is resistant insect pests.
- Crystals (Bt toxin) is processed into a form that can be sprayed into the plant . Toxins will alteration the digestive tract of insects.

2. Baculovirus sp.
The virus is sprayed into the plant. When eaten, the insect will die as before, spreading the virus through marriage

TOTIPOTENSIAL properties can be applied to plant tissue culture. Tissue culture (cell) is breed network (cell) to obtain new individuals. The new individuals (cell) expected better to the old cell

BENEFITS / ADVANTAGES OF CULTURE NETWORKS
1. Seeds (results) obtained in massive numbers and in a short time
2. Properties same to the parent
3. Can be obtained by the properties desired
4. Plant secondary metabolites obtained immediately without inactivity for the plants grown

1. Vitamins
- B1 by Assbya gossipii
- B12 by Propionibacterium and Pseudomonas

2. Acid Citrate
Microbes : Aspergillus niger
ingredients : sugar drops and syrups
Fs. Acid Citrate : poster flavor, milk emulsifiers, and antioxidants. These acids are generally found in many citrus.

3. Enzymes
a.Þ amylase used in the production of syrup, starch, glucose.
Glucose isomerase: change the starch into fructose.
Fructose is used as a sweetener to replace sucrose diet.
microbes: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis

b. Protease
- Used among others in the production of bread, beer
- Protease proteolytic function as a meat tenderizer and mix .. detergent to remove accelerator stains
Microbes: Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis

c. Lipase
Among others in the production of milk and cheese Þ WAY enhance flavor.
Microbes: Aspergillus niger,  Rhizopus spp

d. Amino Acid
- Þ glutamic acid ingredient MSG (Monosodium Glutamate)
- Lysine Þ essential amino acids, required in massive numbersby livestock.
Both by Corynobacterium glutamicum

Biotechnology is a science about the use of microbiology, biochemistry, and genetic engineering in an integrated manner, to produce other goods or for the benefit of use.

Biochemical study of chemical structure of the organism. Genetic engineering is the application of genetics to transplant genes from one organism into another organism.

The main feature of biotechnology:
1. The presence of biological objects such as microorganisms, plants or  animals
2. The existence of efficient use of technology and industry
3. The resulting product is the result of extraction and purification

The development of biotechnology:
1.  simple.In this step are the first generation of biotechnology era of biotechnology
The use of microbes was traditionally, in the food and crop production and food preservation.
Example:
making tempeh, vinegar, and others.

2. Second. Middle step are generation biotechnology era.
The process takes place in non-sterile conditions.
Example:
a. production of chemicals: acetone, citric acid
b. wastewater treatment
c. composting

3. Third-generation biotechnology era.
Process in sterile conditions.
Example:
production of antibiotics and hormones

4.  new biotechnologies. This era are new generation of biotechnology era

Example:
production of insulin, interferon, monoclonal antibodies

1.  FOOD PRODUCTS MILK
The principle is to ferment milk to produce lactic acid.
a. Yoghurt
Microbes: 1.  poster Lactobacillusbulgaris taste and aromaÞ
2.  increase the acidityÞStreptococcus thermophilus

b. Butter
Microbes: Leuconostoc cremoris

c. Cheese
Microbes: Propiabacterium (lactic acid bacteria) that also contribute flavor and texture of cheese.

2. NON FOOD MILK
a. Bread, sauerkraut, and alcohol (beer, wine “wine”, rum), by yeast

b. Ketchup, by Aspergillus oryzae
c. Nata de Coco, by Acetobacter xilinum
The principle is the solution of starch by microbes to produce sugar, which is then fermented
d. Vinegar, by Acetobacter aseti
Alcohol is fermented in aerobic conditions

Green tea has consistently been accepted to accept several bloom benefits, but who knew that it could accord to weight happening as well?

A contempo abstraction appear in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition appearance that blooming tea nonfigurative can access metabolism and fat blaze of the body. In theory, scientists accept that the weight happening allowances of blooming tea extracts are due to their alkaloid agreeable but the after-effects of the abstraction appearance contrarily as they apparent that blooming tea extracts accept weight happening allowances above that of caffeine.

In their study, the advisers administered forsaken the aforementioned bulk of alkaloid as that in blooming tea extracts but start that it did not accomplish any cogent changes in the body’s all-embracing activity expenditure. This led them to achieve that blooming tea extracts accept capacity in them that actively collaborate with anniversary other, declaration added metabolism and fat blaze that advance to weight loss.

Further allegation adumbrated that a assertive admixture start in blooming tea extracts capability be the additive that causes weight loss. These blooming tea nonfigurative compounds alleged Flavonoids might adapt the way the anatomy uses norepinephrine, a hormone that monitors how calories are burned. When flavonoids collaborate with added blooming tea nonfigurative ingredients, added calories are austere appropriately accidental to weight loss.

Another additive that actively contributes to the weight happening allowances of blooming tea extracts is the admixture catechin polyphenols. These compounds additionally collaborate with added blooming tea nonfigurative capacity in adjustment to advance weight happening by fat afire and agitation (a action of happening activity by daytime heat).

The abundant affair about the weight happening statement of blooming tea extracts is that it does not accept any adverse side-effects. Unlike added herbal articles like ephedra and decree drugs for obesity, blooming tea nonfigurative does not access the acceleration of affection ante or accession claret pressure. In this regard, blooming tea nonfigurative is an healthy and safer another to added weight happening articles which might statement abuse to the user.

The abstraction conducted by the University of Geneva on the weight happening statement of blooming tea nonfigurative active that blooming tea nonfigurative can additionally advice thyroid patients. According to dietitian Lynn Moss, M.S., R.D., blooming tea nonfigurative is a convalescent ideal for bodies with thyroid who might be too acute to stimulants. Blooming tea nonfigurative can advance weight happening by accretion metabolism after over aesthetic the adrenal glands.

A accepted cooler all throughout Asia, blooming tea has afresh acquired acceptance in the West. Further researches were conducted to examine added bloom allowances of blooming tea extracts abreast from weight loss. It was start that assertive blooming tea nonfigurative compounds can decidedly abate the happening of affection disease, cancer, and alike ulcers.

1. Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy is the treatment of disease or genetic disorder by inserting a normal gene

2. Monoclonal antibodies
These antibodies are prefabricated by hibridoma cells (fusion of 2 different cells; -producing cells b spleen and cells mieloma) is cultured.
Act as antigens that will generate antibody is the spleen. Functions such as diagnosis of disease and pregnancy

3. Antibiotics
Antibiotics pioneered by Alexander Fleming with the discovery of penicillin from Penicillium notatum.
improve existing ones.Þ- Penicillium chrysogenum penicillin
- Penicillium chrysogenum : Do with mutations in ultra-violet irradiation and X-rays
- Cephalospurium ………………Þ penisilin N.
- Cephalosporium ………………Þ sefalospurin C.
- Streptomyces …………………Þ streptomycin, for the treatment of TB

4. Vaccines
Example: Hepatitis B vaccine and malaria.
Conventionally attenuation is done by heating the bacteria or the supplying of chemicals.
With biotechnology performed gene fusion or transplantation.
5. Interferon
Are antibodies to the virus. Naturally be prefabricated only by the human body. Formation process in the body takes a long time (compared to the speed of viral replication), because it is genetically modified.

Ferrooxidan Thichacillus role  to separating metal from ore or dirt so it’s can make high-quality metal.

For example in copper (Cu).
…………………………………………………………… activities ……………..
Reaction: CuFeS2 + 2 Fe2 (SO4) 3 + 2 liquid + 3 O2 ———–> CuSO4 + FeSO4 + 5 + 2 H2SO4 Energy

………………………activities ………………………………………….
CuSO4 + Fe 2 + + ———–> Energy H2SO4 + 2 FeSO4 + Cu2 + + 2 H +

Thiobacillus ferrooxidan is kemolitotrof

1. Pollution by oil.
Strain-strain Pseudomorms will consume hydrocarbons. The process of genetic engineering to form a super bacteria that contain four types of plasmids carrying the gene for the consumption of hydrocarbons.

2. Organic waste can be described through separation, filtration, milling and sedimentation by aerobic or anaerobic bacteria.