Pest is the main enemy for farmers. So far, farmers use pesticides to eradicate pests. In limiting the use of pesticides, pest eradication efforts in biology, among others the use of natural enemies and creating pest-resistant plants.

1. Bacillus thuringiensis
bioinsektisida produces a toxin against the larvae of insects.
Transplant-toxin-producing genes in plants to produce plants which is resistant insect pests.
- Crystals (Bt toxin) is processed into a form that can be sprayed into the plant . Toxins will alteration the digestive tract of insects.

2. Baculovirus sp.
The virus is sprayed into the plant. When eaten, the insect will die as before, spreading the virus through marriage

TOTIPOTENSIAL properties can be applied to plant tissue culture. Tissue culture (cell) is breed network (cell) to obtain new individuals. The new individuals (cell) expected better to the old cell

BENEFITS / ADVANTAGES OF CULTURE NETWORKS
1. Seeds (results) obtained in massive numbers and in a short time
2. Properties same to the parent
3. Can be obtained by the properties desired
4. Plant secondary metabolites obtained immediately without inactivity for the plants grown

1. Vitamins
- B1 by Assbya gossipii
- B12 by Propionibacterium and Pseudomonas

2. Acid Citrate
Microbes : Aspergillus niger
ingredients : sugar drops and syrups
Fs. Acid Citrate : poster flavor, milk emulsifiers, and antioxidants. These acids are generally found in many citrus.

3. Enzymes
a.Þ amylase used in the production of syrup, starch, glucose.
Glucose isomerase: change the starch into fructose.
Fructose is used as a sweetener to replace sucrose diet.
microbes: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis

b. Protease
- Used among others in the production of bread, beer
- Protease proteolytic function as a meat tenderizer and mix .. detergent to remove accelerator stains
Microbes: Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis

c. Lipase
Among others in the production of milk and cheese Þ WAY enhance flavor.
Microbes: Aspergillus niger,  Rhizopus spp

d. Amino Acid
- Þ glutamic acid ingredient MSG (Monosodium Glutamate)
- Lysine Þ essential amino acids, required in massive numbersby livestock.
Both by Corynobacterium glutamicum

Biotechnology is a science about the use of microbiology, biochemistry, and genetic engineering in an integrated manner, to produce other goods or for the benefit of use.

Biochemical study of chemical structure of the organism. Genetic engineering is the application of genetics to transplant genes from one organism into another organism.

The main feature of biotechnology:
1. The presence of biological objects such as microorganisms, plants or  animals
2. The existence of efficient use of technology and industry
3. The resulting product is the result of extraction and purification

The development of biotechnology:
1.  simple.In this step are the first generation of biotechnology era of biotechnology
The use of microbes was traditionally, in the food and crop production and food preservation.
Example:
making tempeh, vinegar, and others.

2. Second. Middle step are generation biotechnology era.
The process takes place in non-sterile conditions.
Example:
a. production of chemicals: acetone, citric acid
b. wastewater treatment
c. composting

3. Third-generation biotechnology era.
Process in sterile conditions.
Example:
production of antibiotics and hormones

4.  new biotechnologies. This era are new generation of biotechnology era

Example:
production of insulin, interferon, monoclonal antibodies

1.  FOOD PRODUCTS MILK
The principle is to ferment milk to produce lactic acid.
a. Yoghurt
Microbes: 1.  poster Lactobacillusbulgaris taste and aromaÞ
2.  increase the acidityÞStreptococcus thermophilus

b. Butter
Microbes: Leuconostoc cremoris

c. Cheese
Microbes: Propiabacterium (lactic acid bacteria) that also contribute flavor and texture of cheese.

2. NON FOOD MILK
a. Bread, sauerkraut, and alcohol (beer, wine “wine”, rum), by yeast

b. Ketchup, by Aspergillus oryzae
c. Nata de Coco, by Acetobacter xilinum
The principle is the solution of starch by microbes to produce sugar, which is then fermented
d. Vinegar, by Acetobacter aseti
Alcohol is fermented in aerobic conditions

1. Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy is the treatment of disease or genetic disorder by inserting a normal gene

2. Monoclonal antibodies
These antibodies are prefabricated by hibridoma cells (fusion of 2 different cells; -producing cells b spleen and cells mieloma) is cultured.
Act as antigens that will generate antibody is the spleen. Functions such as diagnosis of disease and pregnancy

3. Antibiotics
Antibiotics pioneered by Alexander Fleming with the discovery of penicillin from Penicillium notatum.
improve existing ones.Þ- Penicillium chrysogenum penicillin
- Penicillium chrysogenum : Do with mutations in ultra-violet irradiation and X-rays
- Cephalospurium ………………Þ penisilin N.
- Cephalosporium ………………Þ sefalospurin C.
- Streptomyces …………………Þ streptomycin, for the treatment of TB

4. Vaccines
Example: Hepatitis B vaccine and malaria.
Conventionally attenuation is done by heating the bacteria or the supplying of chemicals.
With biotechnology performed gene fusion or transplantation.
5. Interferon
Are antibodies to the virus. Naturally be prefabricated only by the human body. Formation process in the body takes a long time (compared to the speed of viral replication), because it is genetically modified.

Ferrooxidan Thichacillus role  to separating metal from ore or dirt so it’s can make high-quality metal.

For example in copper (Cu).
…………………………………………………………… activities ……………..
Reaction: CuFeS2 + 2 Fe2 (SO4) 3 + 2 liquid + 3 O2 ———–> CuSO4 + FeSO4 + 5 + 2 H2SO4 Energy

………………………activities ………………………………………….
CuSO4 + Fe 2 + + ———–> Energy H2SO4 + 2 FeSO4 + Cu2 + + 2 H +

Thiobacillus ferrooxidan is kemolitotrof

1. Pollution by oil.
Strain-strain Pseudomorms will consume hydrocarbons. The process of genetic engineering to form a super bacteria that contain four types of plasmids carrying the gene for the consumption of hydrocarbons.

2. Organic waste can be described through separation, filtration, milling and sedimentation by aerobic or anaerobic bacteria.

Summary:

The argumentations for global warming can audio a bit vacuous when discussing temperature alters of only one degree. The impact of the melting Arctic cover cap on animals is much more tangible.

Keywords:

arctic, cover cap, fish, habitats, polar bears, melt, melting, salmon, seals,

The contentions for global warming can sound a bit empty when discussing temperature changes of only one degree. The impact of the melting Arctic cover cap on animals is much more tangible.

There is tiny altercate that the Arctic cover cap is melting. Since 1979, it has definitively shrunk by 20 percent. The issue amongst most people debating global warming is whether this is because of planetary warming or just a natural cycle of the planet.

From a common sense point of view, it is hard to envision global warming is accepting no impact on the cover caps. The rising temperature of the planet would seem to be a common sense cause of the melting ice. Alas, common sense rarely seems to be used in arguments these days.

As the cap melts, the appulse on animals in the breadth is readily apparent. The primary botheration is the abridgement of habitat. Arctic bears are the ideal accessible animals adversity from this situation. The abode of the arctic bears is the cover breeze areas about the edges of the caps. As the caps melt, the flows are dematerialization and affairs aback to the admeasurement that there is no cover on the shores. The admeasurement of the melting is such that a Russian address was healthy to capability the Arctic Pole in 2005 after the use of an cover breaker. This absent abode is blame the arctic bears to the bend of extinction. Assorted estimates place the absolute citizenry at 20,000 and dropping.

There are, however, absolute developments for some species. Current empiric affirmation shows the assorted allowance populations of the Arctic are declaration growing citizenry numbers. The exact acumen is unclear, but they are actualization added and added in southern regions of the cap, which leads to the cessation that their abode is totally expanding.

The abbreviating caps are additionally aperture up all-encompassing fresh habitats for fish. The melting cover is abounding of nutrients and angle clearing to the fresh aperture seas is astounding. Pink salmon, in accurate is actuality apparent breeding in rivers far to the arctic of their accepted breeding grounds.

In general, the appulse of the melting Arctic cover caps is a alloyed situation. The arctic bears totally don’t see annihilation to be blessed about.

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261

Summary:

Malaria is a actual austere ache acquired by phylum parasites of the brand Plasmodium.

Keywords:

malaria, disease,cure,drugs,symptoms,travel

Article Body:

What is malaria?

Malaria is a actual austere ache acquired by phylum parasites of the brand Plasmodium. Four breed of the parasites aftermath the ache which is transmitted by the changeable anopheline mosquito. The ideal alarming is P. falciparum. If basic it can beforehand to baleful bookish malaria.

What are the symptoms?

Flu-like symptoms: headaches, beef aches, confusion, dizziness, airsickness (lasting several hours), sweating, tiredness, but ideal of all, fever. Anemia and icterus can occur.

Symptoms about action from 7 canicule to a few weeks afterwards actuality bitten, about might not action for up to one year.

How is it prevented?

The afterward drugs should be taken afore embarking on a cruise to a country area malaria is prevalent:

Atovaquone/proguanil

Doxycycline

Mefloquine

Primaquine (in appropriate circumstances)

Visit your physician or bloom dispensary several weeks afore travelling as these drugs charge to be administered in advance.

A acceptable insect abhorrent should additionally be activated to apparent bark whilst abroad; finer one absolute DEET (N.N – diethyl meta-toulamide) which is the alone additive affirmed to assignment and is continued lasting. There are added repellents on the bazaar for those not adulatory to use DEET, but they charge to be activated frequently.

What countries are at risk?

Afghanistan. Angola, Brazil, Benin, Burkino, Cambodia, Camaroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial New Guinea, Eritrea, Faso Burindi, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Bissau, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Principe, Rwanda, Sao Tome, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia.

BE SAFE!