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Abstract: “Why the ingested substances can't be directly transformed into the human or animal body…” and “what roles do the microorganisms play in the substance transformation in vivo and in vitro?” are some of the questions this article attempts to discuss. At present, only a partial understanding of the enzymes produced by the animal’s own body exists. With this article, a more comprehensive summary is presented through a profound analysis and discussion of the present research progress in enzymes and microorganisms and by applying the basic principle of substance transformation. A more reasonable perception about the biological enzymes originating from microorganisms and the microorganisms playing an intermediate role in the in vivo substance transformation is provided, thereby, filling up a theoretical empty space in the in vivo substance transformation. 

Background 

In the life sciences, It seems that the problem on the source of biological enzymes has been solved, that is they come from the plant and animal cells themselves. But according to the continuous discoveries from various aspects, this problem seems still pending. 

At present, the general situation in the world is that the exploitation on the enzyme sources is still continuing. Even though there are some differences in the relevance regulations and theory teaching in various countries, they are basically at the same cognition stage, and the traditional basic theory that the enzymes come from the body’s own synthesis is still being applied. The relevant disciplines are still the same as before, too. 

Now let’s have a look at what kind of conclusion can be prefabricated by trying to use the mathematical problem-solving method. 

1. Known 

1.1 Three doctrines of source: 

Summing up the various viewpoints of the authoritative organization, the specialized research field and the individual research front, three doctrines about the enzyme source have been generalized as follows: 

1.1.1 Doctrine of self-synthesis. This doctrine holds that the digestive enzymes come from the secretions of digestive gland, which are the confluence of the lyoenzyme remainders secreted by the body cells, and the ones in the intestinal tract are “most resulting from the sloughed and disintegrated colonic mucosal cells (5)”. The Chinese denotive such as pepsin and amylopsin etc. and their English interpretations in other countries fully reflect this idea. Even though the United Says is at the leading position in the life sciences field, it is no different from the mainstream viewpoint of other countries when introducing the massive intestine function in the cited information at the FDA web site (referring to “Solution 1, Reason of contradictions among ‘three doctrines of source’” and “Solution 2.3″), reflecting what they followed is still the theoretical framework of the biological enzyme coming from the body’s own synthesis. In short, the digestive enzymes in the body are synthesized by the body cells themselves. This is the authoritative interpretation in current national regulations and the general understanding, and of course, medical theory etc. treat it as their basis and have their extension. This doctrine has been occupying the dominant position in the relevant disciplines. 

1.1.2 Doctrine of synthesis by in vivo microorganisms. Although some specialized research somewhat involved in this study, the typical is still Hiromi’s theory. He believed that the enzymes in the human body had over 5000 kinds, while about 3000 kinds prefabricated by the intestinal bacteria (4). 

1.1.3 Doctrine of transfer by food chain. Hiromi believed, except the over 3000 kinds prefabricated by the intestinal bacteria, a portion of the rest came from the food (4). That is coming from the transfer of the food chain. 

Other information showed that the carnivores such as lions usually ate their prey’s internal organs first (6) because the prey’s internal organs were rich in enzymes. 

The U.S. Wikipedia encyclopedia introduced that many vitamins as coenzyme were unable to be synthesized by human body itself, and needed to be acquired from the diet (3). 

Doctrines 1.1.2/1.1.3 are in an actively exploring stage and have not yet been approved absolutely by the regulations, but they are being accepted by more and more people. 

1.2 Related information 

1.2.1 The biology textbooks of middle-school explained clearly that none of the chemical elements constituting living body was endemic to living nature. 

1.2.2The cellulases in the herbivorous livestock and poultry bodies came from the microorganisms in vivo (7). 

1.2.3Microorganisms existed in the digestive tract of carnivores (8). 

1.2.4 Microorganisms existed in the digestive tract of insects (9). 

1.2.5 Also, a lot of beneficial microorganisms existed in the digestive tract of aquatic animals (10). 

1.2.6 “In the digestive process, the more enzymes in the foods were broken down into polypeptides and aminophenols for the small intestine to further absorb. The enzymic quantity would be varied on the needs of the body. The source enzyme — an unspecialized image enzyme healthy to synthesize various enzymes had already been reserved in the body (11)”. 

1.2.7 “The results of experiment demonstrated that pancreatic kininogenase could be significantly absorbed from the rat colon (12)”. 

1.2.8 “The recipe of microorganisms is very broad. All the acquirable nutrition by animals and plants could be utilized by microorganisms. Massive numbers of the unavailable nutrition by animals and plants, even highly toxic substances, could also be regarded as the delicacies of microorganisms (13)”. 

1.2.9″Where there is life, there are enzymes (14)”. 

1.2.10 Microorganisms would “swiftly evolve (via natural selection) to survive in new environments and respond to environmental stresses（15）” 

1.2.11″Enzymes show a high specificity to the catalyzed response types and substrate species (2)”. 

1.2.12 The enzyme “is prefabricated within the cells of living things (4)”. 

1.2.13 In the mineral metabolism, plants absorbed a certain amount of enzymes from the soil (16). 

1.2.14 With yeast extract, German scientist Eduard Buchner successfully carried out a cell-free fermentation in the absence of living yeast cells, thus confirmed “enzymes could function outside a living cell (3)”. It demonstrated that the enzymes would be free from their mom cells, and also should recommend the enzymes might wander inside the living thing’s body away from their mom cells. 

1.2.15 “Enzymes are more than just chemical catalysts since they appear to work at a biological and subtle energy level also. They can be considered the interface between inanimate and life forms, that is, what is responsible for turning organic matter into ‘life’ (14).”

2. Solution 

2.1 a + 0 ≠ c 

In Known 1.1.1 / 1.2.1 of this article, the doctrine of self-synthesis could be excluded. 

Theory side: If the enzymes in the digestive juice were synthesized by body cells, its principle would equate that the ingested substances might be directly transformed into the body substances, and does not conform to the substance transformation law. If it was a direct transformation, no matter how much animal digestive enzymes might be secreted for breaking down and synthesizing, these enzymes would be still derived from the substances themselves, just as they would carry out the transformation by themselves. In that case, it would be an illogical equation:  “a + 0 = c” or “animal foods = animals”, which is obviously in the absence of a vital medium. 

Reality side: According to Known 1.2.2, the cellulases in the livestock’s stomach were secreted by microorganisms. Humans also belong to animals, and the substance transformation in the animal bodies should not have two distinct contradictory explanations. 

Reason of contradictions among “three doctrines of source”: Refer to “Solve 2.3″. Some contemporary research results and experimental data on enzymes and microorganisms are incontrovertible and undeniable. They force the authoritative organizations could not but recognize them. Therefore, some regulations attempt to unify the contemporary research results on the basis of adhering to the framework of the traditional theory, having to mention, in passing, the microorganisms are also involved in the substance transformation and generate enzymes while explaining the digestion of food. However, since the contemporary research results and the traditional viewpoint do not belong to the resulting products of the same cognitive stage in basic theory from the root (one is the biological enzymes originating from microorganisms, and another is the biological enzymes originating from animal’s own body synthesis), the result is that both could not but say and did not tell clearly about the contemporary research results in the framework of the traditional theory. To admit them would be equal to deny the traditional theory itself, and to bring them into the framework of the traditional theory would be mismatched fundamentally and unable to solve them in together, so usually has to introduce them separately (2). That image comparison would be, to grant them to stand up would be higher than the framework and to let them sit down would not have their suitable seats, then has to get them in a squat say to play a walk-on role. Such an outcome can only be vague and contradictory with apiece other. 

2.2. In vivo micro-organisms could originate enzymes. In reference to Known 1.1.2 /1.2.2 /1.2.3 /1.2.4 / 1.2.5, the microorganisms existed in all the herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous and aquatic animals and insects bodies, and all of them have the conditions and realities to generate the enzymes by the microorganisms. 

2.3. Animal intestinal tract should absorb the enzymes generated by in vivo microorganisms while absorbing the ones from food, and then make them take part in an enzyme cycle in vivo. In section 1.2.6, following the law of decomposition and synthesis, the enzymes might be re-synthesized from the decomposed enzyme materials according to the digestive needs and have their circulation in vivo. 

The cited information at FDA Web site introduced, “The principal functions of the massive intestine are to concentrate, store, and excrete food wastes”. It did not include the absorptive function. Furthermore, it states “The colon contains massive numbers of bacteria, which produce enzymes that act on the remaining food residues, fiber, and cells and mucus sloughed from the upper intestinal tract (2)”. It did not say that these enzymes were absorbed by the colon or discharged with the feces, nor it mentions their whereabouts. Perhaps the meaning of the cited information might be understood as the colonic absorption of the enzymes included in its secondary function, but “The Enzyme Factor” of Hiromi elaborated that the majority of enzymes were produced by the microorganisms in vivo and furthermore they mainly gathered in the massive intestine. It shows that the massive intestine not only has the absorptive function of the enzymes, but also certainly not the secondary function. On the other hand, most of the digestion and absorption in the body occur in the small intestine (2), and however most of the enzymes in vivo are produced by the microorganisms in the massive intestine, it could only tell us that most of the enzymes excreted by various digestive glands come from their being absorbed in the massive intestine. At the same time it also shows that the enzymes produced by the microorganisms in the massive intestine are involved in the enzyme cycle in the body. 

In Known 1.2.7 regarding the test of the rats, it has obtained an affirmative answer that the enzymes could be absorbed in the animal colon. Their absorption in the human colon could be determined on the whole through the theoretical deduction and inference. 

2.4. Enzymes should belong to the secretions of the microorganisms acting on various substances. About the enzymes in the human body, some said that is more than 1000 kinds, some said that is more than 3000 kinds, and Hiromi Shinya said that is more than 5000 kinds. Let us not discuss the authenticity of these data, but first look at these data would recommend to us the problems. Whether actually is there over 1000 or 5000 kinds of these enzymes in everybody at all events, or are they only a cumulative record on researches one by one? Whether actually is it so in all the Asian, or American, or even all the nationalities of the world, or would there be some difference among them? Whether actually are both of the elderly and kids the same, or would be some difference following their growth in years?Whether actually are both of the ancients and modern people similar, or would be continuously changing with the times moving? Whether actually is it like in both of winter and summer, or would be some ups and downs according to the seasons? According to the characteristic of the substrate specificity, all these problems and variables perhaps could not be interpreted only relying on the body’s own adaptability, and it is moving closer more and more to the microorganisms, who are the one-of-a-kind ones to have this variable ability. 

In Known 1.2.8 / 1.2.9 / 1.2.10 / 1.2.11, the microorganisms are present and their foods are all-inclusive. In the biosphere，”Wherever there is life, enzymes always exist”. How similar the living environments of the microorganisms and enzymes are?! This high similarity of their living environments is by no means an accidental coincidence. The super adaptive capacity of the microorganisms to substances and their characteristics of quick evolution would cause none of the substances existing in the natural world could not be coped with by them. In particular the organic matter could be more easily coped with by them, while autotrophic microorganisms are converting the inorganic matter into organic, their another cooperative army—heterotrophic microorganisms could convert it back naturally, because spear and shield are the two parts of the unity of opposite. The enzymatic specificity shows that the substrate species would decide the number of different enzymes. Thus it might be concluded that the substances are the basic condition to induce microorganisms to generate, the environment is the important bourgeois to induce microorganisms to vary and the enzymes are their secretions while they act on the various substances. 

2.5. Soil enzymes should come from microorganisms.In Known 1.2.12/1.2.13, there is no doubt that the enzymes in the soil should come from microorganisms, because the enzymes can only be produced within the cells of living things. On the basis to exclude the possibility to synthesize the enzymes by the animals (including subterranean animals) themselves and plants (see “Formula Derivation of Biological Enzymes Originating from Microorganisms”), the microorganisms are the only cells in the soil and the inorganic substances in the soil can never self-generate them. 

Take the edaphon for instance. If some plants had been carrying on a circulation in unceasing life and death in one place apiece year or apiece time period, the underground substance types and the microorganism types would also be healthy to maintain normality on the whole. If there were no microorganisms in normality, the plant would be impossible to transform their dead twigs and fallen leaves into the substances for their regenerating. If there were not the same dead twigs and fallen leaves, the edaphon would not be healthy to maintain normality. Both of them complement apiece other and mutually preconditional. In this pure theory circulation, when the microorganisms reserved various substances in the soil for the need of the plants synthesis, they would also reserve the enzymes for what the plants would synthesize to be decomposed. While absorbing these substances for their synthesis, the plants would absorb the enzymes into their bodies for the decomposition of them, which would become one of the sources for the enzyme cycle. Just like the law of the unity of opposites in philosophy, the spear would be naturally formed while formed a shield. Otherwise, it could not be called a contradiction and contrary to the philosophy principle. 

Of course, the extracellular enzymes produced by edaphon must be certainly broken down before being absorbed by plants. Exactly how they are broken down and what substances they would be broken down into for the absorption of plants, even how to synthesize the necessary enzymes in the plant body? That needs to have a further discuss. But it is a major matter of principle that the soil enzymes come from microorganisms, and can not grant to have the least neglect. 

2.6. Enzymes should be transferred upward along biological chain. In reference to Solution 2.3/2.5, by the same token, the enzymes produced by the microorganisms to break down organic substances in the animal bodies would be involved in the circulation of the biological chain together with the other organic substances. 

In Known 1.1.3/1.2.6/1.2.14, they reflect the possibility and realities that the enzymes could be transferred upward along the biological chain. 

In the three sides of possibility, reality and theoretical deduction, all of them evidenced that the enzymes could be transferred upward successively along the biological chain. 

2.7. Enzymes should be considered as a medium role in the substance transformation. In Known 1.2.15, enzymes could be “responsible for turning organic matter into ‘life’ ” and “be considered the interface between inanimate and life forms”. This section of words shows the enzymes would play a medium role from the angle of the life synthesis. Now that the enzymes have been considered the “interface” between organic matter and life forms, according to the principle of symmetry, the enzymes should be considered the “interface” from life to organic matter. then according to the confirmed theory that the substance transformation from inorganic to organic and from organic to inorganic effected by microorganisms, it formed a clue for us:

              microorganisms        enzymes           enzymes        microorganisms
inorganic matter—organic matter—life?      life—organic matter—inorganic matter.

If this clue could not yet prompt us to think of the substance transformation law of inorganic – organic – inorganic and could not yet prompt us to link the enzymes with the microorganisms as well as the relationship between them, then we would really be too blind, too numb. If now we did not look on both of them as the medium in substance transformation, then we would be too unreasonable. 

Let’s have a further analysis from another point of view. Based on the above aspects, there are two key elements in the substance transformation in vivo and in vitro. One is the substances themselves, which belongs to the transformed object, and another is microorganisms, which belongs to the transforming subject. Both of them are indispensable. Now that the substance transformation can not be separated from the participation of microorganisms, they do not belong to the transformed goal though they are matter, too. So they can only play the intermediate role in the substance transformation in vivo and in vitro, 

Synthesizing the solving process, it is somewhat too verbose. Through the conclusion in “Cells Suffering Hunger” that microorganisms belong to the necessary key element in the substance transformation and the equation a + 0 ≠ c in the “Solution 2.1″, we could deduce that microorganisms play an intermediate role in the substance transformation in vivo and in vitro, because microorganisms do not belong to the transformed object, but the transforming subject, and they can only be the medium. Furthermore, according to Hiromi Shinya’s conclusion that “ones prefabricated (by intestinal bacteria) within the body and ones coming from outside in the form of food (4)”, it shows that both of human and animal bodies can not generate enzymes. At the same time, Hiromi Shinya’s conclusion also said that the majority of the enzymes in the human body, which could be clarified, come from the intestinal bacteria. Then the minority left in the food, which could not be clarified, could be naturally traced to the soil microorganisms according to the principle that the enzymes could only be produced inside cells. Such reasoning is simple and clear, and good for understanding. If reasoned according to the equation a + 0 ≠ c, it would be more concise. However, this is a very serious problem, which involved is extremely important, so we can not help but adopt the above verbose solving process with basis and reasoning. 

3. Answer 

In reference to “Solution 2.1—2.6″,the sources of the enzymes in the animal digestive juice are not more than two ways: 

3.1. In vivo microorganisms. On the basis of the partial decomposition and reduction of the foods in the small intestine, the microorganisms would carry on a re-processing on them, which difficult to be decomposed, in the massive intestine, and the enzymes produced by microorganisms also join the enzyme cycle in vivo. 

3.2. Microorganisms from outside (including edaphon and the microorganisms in the other animal bodies who will soon become foods). In the process of the decomposition and synthesis of the organic substances by the microorganisms in the soil and the herbivorous and carnivorous animal bodies, the generated enzymes or their original substances are transferred along the biological chain. 

Whether according to the data provided by Hiromi Shinya (＞3000 in vivo / ＞2000 from outside), it could affirm the microbial enzymes in vivo at 3 / 5 in total quantity in the human body? It needs to add more data for a confirmation, as the data in this aspect are renovated frequently. However, according to the data he provided, the enzymes produced by the microorganisms in human body seem to occupy the better position in the total enzymes in vivo. 

Since both of the two kinds of the enzymes, ones are transferred by the biological chain and ones are produced by the in vivo microorganisms, are absorbed into blood to join the enzyme cycle in vivo, the essential difference of their sources is only produced by the microorganisms in vivo or in vitro. 

4. Conclusion 

In the final analysis, all the enzymes in the animal and plant bodies, whether generated by the microorganisms in vivo or transferred along the biological chain, are derived from microorganisms. In the three main species of living things (plants, animals and microorganisms) in the biosphere, it is only microorganisms are healthy to generate the enzymes. Then, if we had a common citing among the theory, equation a + b = c and reality and a backward reasoning from these three aspects, it might confirm the conclusion from different angles that the biological enzymes source from microorganisms. 

This answer is the crux of the issue, and also is the key to explain a series of the contradictions (including the ones in “Cells Suffering Hunger”) and “Traditional Biological Chain Theory Is Worth Discussing”), because it has place together the biology enzymes and microorganisms, eliminated their isolated say apiece other in research and application, moved the focal point from the enzymes to microorganisms, and given them a small proper space in the substance transformation in vivo. The enzymes only are the phenomenon to promote the motion of life substances, but microorganisms are its very essence. 

A conclusion could come from “Solution 2.1″. It might affirm that the ingested substances are impossible to be directly transformed into the animal body substances in the substance transformation in vivo. In the transforming process, only via a medium it can initiate a transforming relation between the ingested substances and animal body. Otherwise, the transforming activities are impossible to be carried out. To occupy this role are just microorganisms. Only to accept the medium role of the microorganisms in the substance transformation might correct the equation from “a + 0 = c” to “a + b = c”. Therefore this corrected equation would fill up the present theoretical empty space in vivo.

First draft: Feb 27. 2007.   Revised for many times.

References:

1, Digestion and Absorption of Food, The Web Site of Biology-Online.org. (17 Might 2005), acquirable at http://www.biology-online.org/9/16_digestion_absorption_food.htm.

2, In Colon of Gastrointestinal Diseases, National Library of Medicine’s Profiles in Science site?available at http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/C/R/C/_/nnbcrc.pdf

3, Enzyme, Wikipedia Web Site (13 November 2008)?available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme.

4, (Japan) Hiromi Shinya, The Enzyme Factor, The Web Site of Council Oak Books (2007), acquirable at http://www.counciloakbooks.com/client/client_images/Spring2007.pdf.

5, Latest Complete Collection, National Food Safety Quality Identification and Test Standard, The Web Site of bbs.foodmate.net          (02 Might 2007), acquirable at http://bbs.foodmate.net/viewthread.php?tid=115968&extra=&page=1.

6, Blane Klemek, Mountain lions are rarely seen, Northland Outdoors Web Site (19 October 2008), acquirable at http://www.northlandoutdoors.com/index_articles.cfm?id=18903&property_id=3.

7, Animal Nutrition and Digestion, The Web Site of The University of Vermont (30 August 2007), acquirable at http://asci.uvm.edu/course/asci001/digest.html

8, Comparison Between the Digestive Tracts of a Carnivore, a Herbivore and Man, Second-opinions Web Site, acquirable at http://www.second-opinions.co.uk/carn_herb_comparison2.html

9, Intracellular symbioses in insects, Department of Biology, The Web Site of University of York, acquirable at http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/units/symbiosis/intra-symbiosis.html#a

10, IN Probiotics used in AquAculture of Aquaculture species profit from probiotics, Reed Business bv. Web Site (2007), acquirable at http://www.allaboutfeed.net/aquaculture/id601-27764/aquaculture_species_profit_from_probiotics.html

11, (Japan) Hiromi Shinya, The pivotal role of enzyme, Sina Web Site (31 August 2007), acquirable at http://book.sina.com.cn/nzt/live/liv/bushbdhf/20.shtml.

12, Tang Yue, Luan Libiao, Absorption of Pancreatic Kininogenase from the Perfused Rat Colon?JOURNAL OF CHINA PHARMACEUTICAL  UNIVERSITY?2 (2001), acquirable at http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/detail.aspx?filename=ZGYD200102011&dbname=CJFD2001

13, Basic Knowledge of Microorganisms, Microorganism Museum, The Web Site of Popular Science Panorama of China ?16 October 2003?, acquirable at http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/lives/microbe/microbe_basic/200310160018.html

14, Live Foods and Live Enzymes?primordia.net web site, acquirable at http://www.primordia.net/food/CGB Live Foods and Live Enzymes.htm

15, Microorganism, Wikipedia Web Site (24 December 2008), acquirable at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbe.

16, Importance of Soil Enzymes?The Web Site of The Ohio Say University, acquirable at http://snr.osu.edu/current/courses/SS760/Section02_Graphs.pdf

 

It can sometimes be confusing for students to decide whether they should major in Marine Biology or just go for other related sciences. It is important to know that there are stipulations needed in high school to get into a good college or university that will help you hone your skills further and prepare for the actual profession. You have to comprehend the differences between majors then make the final decision on what course is best.

What are the Stipulations for the Marine Biology Course?

There are no specific stipulations to get into the Marine Biology program at present. Any student who wants to take the BS Marine Biology course is suggested to take up as many math and science subjects as possible. Some of the good foundations include Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Trigonometry and Precalculus.

You can major in Marine Biology if you have a huge interest in learning about different aquatic organisms and the marine environment in general. You can also major if you want to become a voter and informed citizen, since several current issues include policies that are related to the conservation and use of the ocean and coastal habitats, plus the use of the marine resources.

If you are majoring in Marine Biology, can you do a minor or double major in other subjects?

You can do a minor or double major in other subjects in the university, except for biological sciences, since it is given by the same department as your major in Marine Biology. You are not required to do a minor. You should consult the department head or advisor for more data.

Undergraduates should not specialize very quickly. Marine biology majors, especially those who plan to be professional marine biologists, take a strong foundation in a wide range of subdisciplines in modern biological sciences. Marine biology programs in a number of institutions can include marine-related courses only. It is not ideal, but BS Marine Biology requires students to take up Calculus, Chemistry, Physics and four courses in various subdisciplines in biological sciences, apart from marine biology electives.

What is the difference between Oceanography and Marine Biology?

Oceanography is described as the study of oceans and the physical, chemical, geological and biological processes that happen within the subject. It is a subject that can be studied in graduate school and needs undergraduate training in biology, physics, chemistry and geology. Marine Biology emphasizes on the biology of different organisms that thrive in the ocean. It is a subdiscipline of biology, but sometimes overlaps with Biological Oceanography.

What are the differences between majoring in Marine Biology and Biological Science major?

The two majors need general chemistry, organic chemistry, general biology, physics, calculus and four core courses in biological science. While BS in Biological Science requires microbiology course, and plant biology course, the curriculum still requires students to take up oceanography and then complete 36 credits of biology with electives in marine biology. You can take up biological science even if you want to become a marine biologist, provided that you also take up the subject.

Have you ever been in the situation where you have set your goals in line with your desires and gone on to make your positive affirmations and yet… something inside remains, gnawing away at you, telling you it isn’t doable or you’re wasting your time – setting up an inner conflict or struggle. You want what you desire and are taking positive action yet somehow there is a part of you that doesn’t believe it is possible. You want to empower yourself with your new decision yet somehow you feel powerles to change

It is important to work on clearing out the old limiting beliefs from your subconscious. On the surface you might be consciously focused on your wants and desires and might even make positive affirmations about them but deep down in your subconscious and in your body, where the subconscious resides, if you’re convinced you DON’T DESERVE them you will be prevented from accomplishing your heart’s desire by naturally formed unconscious automatic responses in your body. You can’t take control of something you are not conscious of and it is only likely to add to your frustration.

This is what you might call SABOTAGE… It can happen equally with other negative thoughts, beliefs (which are simply thoughts repeated over and over) and emotions like fear anger, doubt, judgment, depression, unhappiness and so on. In a very real sense a barrier develops that prevents the positives of your Higher Self reaching you, from taking hold in your body and manifesting your magnificent potential.

Most of these limiting beliefs and blocks are not just nonfigurative thoughts, ideas or concepts… but in fact they are a physical reality that have taken up space as an actual pulsating biological manifestation in your body.

Thoughts and feelings become ‘embodied’ over time and show up in the very structure of our cells. On the surface of these cells are something called ‘receptors’, or more specialised structures which are fine tuned to receive certain specific signals, many of which are emotionally configured.

So if, for example, there was a time or two (or more) when your body was flooded with feelings of “don’t deserve”, with constant repetition, your cells became attuned to that emotion, as your body readied itself to receive whatever you continued to feed it.

It is nearly as if the cells have been sensitised and have developed a structure, a bit like a lock and key system where only one type of key will fit, they key called ‘not allowed’ or ‘don’t deserve’ and over time with repeated use and repeated replication of ‘same key’ cell receptors you will be presented with an unconscious urge to feel this response, nearly like an addiction. When you think about something that you want, you attach a meaning or belief or emotion to it such as feeling that you are ‘not worthy’ or that somehow it is ‘not allowed’. This triggers a neuro-biochemical or electromagnetic response signal that travels to certain cell receptors in your body that have been built specifically to receive such responses.

But also, since like attracts like, any thoughts that are SIMILAR to the original thought or desire will ALSO trigger feelings of not deserving as these similar thoughts and desires also feed into the already ‘primed’ receptors. Over time the cell might replicate so many ‘same key’ receptors that the whole surface of the cell is taken up with them, leaving no room for more joyful, ‘deserving’,or ‘I am allowed’ receptors.

So the experience of joy is inhibited even though you might want to be joyful (Usually if you ‘want’ to be joyful there is a feeling of ‘lack’ underneath it)

Your body and its responses will grow according to how you feed it. Are you going to feed it negative thoughts or feelings or something better? The key is in becoming aware of just how these blocks or built responses got place into place. They probably served an important function the first time they were place in place but often, when they become no longer relevant to your (changed) situation, you can make a deliberate choice to replace this old conditioning with a new feed. You can nurture new growth with positive, empowering and harmonious thoughts. Gradually as the negative belief or negative feeling receptors drop away through demand of feeding (why keep a lock if there’s no key to fit it?) room is prefabricated for the nurturing and growth of new receptor cells designed to fit keys more in tune and in alignment with what you truly desire. Then your wish becomes your command.

Depression is a severe and crippling emotional disorder that afflicts some 10-15% of the population worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. While there are many varieties of the disorder, the principal characteristics of the illness remain the same: a reduced level of self-esteem; demand of energy or interest in regular activities; reduced social functioning and alteration to individualized relationships; changes in appetite and weight; and gloomy and often suicidal thoughts and actions.

At one time, depression was seen as being solely the result of environmental factors such as upbringing, trauma, and stress. Research in the last few decades, however, has begun to reveal that depression has a strong biological basis that interacts with environmental factors to bring on the condition. While the exact interrelationship of these factors is still not fully understood, the research has led to breakthroughs in the use of medications and other treatments that can help depression sufferers lead productive and satisfying lives.

Understanding the biological basis of depression requires a look at how the normal brain operates. Within the brain, special chemicals called neurotransmitters carry out many important functions as they help transfer messages throughout the brain’s nerve cells, called neurons. We apiece have somewhere between 10-100 billion neurons within our brains. Whenever we do anything, react, feel emotions, or think, our neurons transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses from one cell to another in about 1/5,000 of a second. Because they move so quickly, our brains can react instantaneously to stimuli such as pain.

Neurotransmitters travel from neuron to neuron in an orderly fashion. They are specifically shaped so that after they pass from a neuron into the synapse, they can be received onto certain receptors, on a neighboring neuron. Neurotransmitters can fit a number of different receptors, but receptor sites can only receive specific types of neurotransmitters. Upon landing at the receptor site of neuron, the chemical message of the neurotransmitter might either be changed into an electrical impulse and continue on its way through the next neuron, or it might stop where it is. In either case the neurotransmitter releases from the receptor site and floats back into the synapse. It is then removed from the synapse in one of two ways. The neurotransmitter might be broken down by a chemical called monoamine oxidase, or it might be taken back in by the neuron that originally released it, via a process called reuptake.

Of the 30 or so neurotransmitters that have been identified, researchers have discovered associations between clinical depression and the function of three primary neurotransmitters: serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These function within the limbic structures and hypothalamus – those sections of the brain that regulate emotions, reactions to stress, sleep, appetite, and sexuality.

It is at this point that the research on the exact mechanisms of depression is incomplete. Scientists have been trying to unlock the secret behind clinical depression by trying to comprehend the way in which antidepressants work on this process to elevate mood and reduce symptoms. In a way that is not clearly understood, antidepressants seem to affect that way that the neurons in the brain deal with their “used” neurotransmitters. Some (the MAOI, or monoamine oxidase inhibitor category of drugs) seem to work by lowering the amounts of the chemical that breaks down certain neurotransmitters; others (the SSRI or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) seem to reduce the amount of serotonin that is taken back into the cells, thus freeing more to help elevate mood. Neither mechanism is fully understood. Also, research continues to increase knowledge and effectiveness of these drugs.

While medications are important, it is important to know that there are non-medication approaches to changing this biochemistry. Just as diabetes requires both a medication and a behavioral approach, depression is ideal fought with a combination of behavioral change and medication. Things like regular exercise and a proper diet (carbohydrates in particular are thought to affect this chemistry) as well as maintaining regular routines around sleep and meals seem to have a positive effect on the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. Research indicates that there might be a genetic component in how susceptible an individual is to depression, even though a strong causal link has not been shown and no treatments based on this fact currently exist.

Therapy, of course, helps an individual to learn to cope with the crushing thoughts and moods of depression, and is a major part of the treatment of the condition. It is important to comprehend that all of these approaches, used in tandem, can directly improve the body’s capability to function in spite of the effect of the biochemistry. Depression, while a serious condition, can be controlled if the mortal takes all these factors into account.

The various therapies encompassed by biological dentistry all share a single basic premise: They are founded on the intent that the teeth can affect the general health of the body, and vice versa.

For example, the theory for which biological dentistry is ideal known asserts that the mercury in amalgam fillings can make you sick, leading to recurrent health problems, such as neurologic disorders, chronic fatigue, and arthritis. To cure these ailments, proponents say, you need only have all your amalgam fillings removed and replaced with less toxic alternatives, such as non-metallic quarts based fillings or porcelain inlays.

Many dentists and oral surgeons can and often do remove amalgam fillings at their patients request. However, before you embark on what could become a very costly and uncomfortable series of dental procedures, you should think about the fact that both the American Dental Association and the National Institutes of Health have specifically rejected the amalgam theory. There is no scientific evidence, they say, of any detrimental effects from amalgam.

Of course, the so-called amalgam problem is not the only reason that people seek out biological dentists. The various unconventional treatments seek to cure a broad spectrum of ailments ranging from headache to heart disease through operations on the teeth and mouth. Some people adopt these therapies as “natural” or “non-toxic” alternatives to mainstream treatment. However, none of them have been proven effective in scientific tests.

Many people are pre-disposed to depression because of their own biological makeup making their risk of suffering from this condition much greater then those who do not share these risk factors. There are four main biological factors that can increase a persons risk for depression and these include (1) genetic factors, (2) biochemical factors, (3) alterations in hormonal regulation and, (4) sleep abnormalities.

Genetic Factors

Studies done with twins have shown that genetic factors play a role in the development of depressive disorders. There have been a number of studies done that show that the average rate of shared mood disorders among same twins is 45% to 60%. This means if one twin suffers from depression, or any other mood disorder, there is a 45% to 60% chance that the other twin will also be affected. Contrast this with fraternal twins where the percentage falls of drastically to only 12%.

Moods disorders are inheritable for some people. This also means that those who are genetically susceptible to mood disorders can have an primeval age of onset, a greater rate of suffering other disorders in addition to depression and an increased risk of recurrent illnesses. However, any genetic factors that are present must interact with environmental factors for depression to develop.

Biochemical Factors

The brain contains billions of neurons and is a highly complex organ. There is a lot of evidence that points to the intent that depression is a biological or chemical disorder where central nervous system neurotransmitter abnormalities are a probable cause of clinical depression. These neurotransmitter abnormalities might be the result of inherited or environmental factors, or even of other medical conditions, such as cerebral infarction, hypothyroidism, AIDS, or substance abuse.

Specific neurotransmitters in the brain are believed to be related to mood modified states. It was initially believed that the two main neurotransmitters involved were serotonin and norepinephrine. With new research though it is now thought that depression results from the dysregulation of a number of neurotransmitter systems in addition to serotonin and norepinephrine. The dopamine, acetylcholine, and neurotransmitter systems are also believed to be involved in the pathophysiology of major depression.

Alterations in Hormonal Regulation

Although there is still inconclusive evidence that hormones can play a role in depression. The most studied neuroendocrine characteristic that relates to depression has been hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis. Evidence of increased cortisol secretion is apparent in 20% to 40% of depressed outpatients and 40% to 60% of depressed inpatients. Results of a dexamethasone suppression test are abnormal in about 50% of patients with depression, which indicates hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis. However, the findings of this test might also be abnormal in people with obsessive-compulsive disorders and other medical conditions. Significantly, patients with psychotic major depression are among those with the highest rates of nonsuppression of cortisol on the dexamethasone suppression test.

Sleep Abnormalities

Sleep electroencephalogram abnormalities might be evident in 40% to 60% of outpatients and up to 90% of inpatients during a major depressive episode. People prone to depression tend to have a pre-mature loss of sleep, slow delta wave sleep and modified rapid eye movement (REM) latency. The phase of REM sleep associated with dreaming occurs primeval in two thirds of people with bipolar and major depressive illnesses. This sign is referred to as reduced REM latency and is consistent with the expected manifestation of an inherited trait. Reduced REM latency and deficits in slow-wave sleep typical preserve following recovery from a depressed episode. Data also recommends that depressed patients without this sign are not likely to respond to treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, which suppress primeval REM sleep.

There are many factors that contribute to depression, many of which are biochemical in nature. Those that are biologically induced can be treated with different prescription drugs but as with anything relating to human emotion and chemical makeup answering one question as to why brings up more questions that remain unanswered.

Testing for biological weapons is already a daunting task. The last thing first responders need to question is the calibre of their detection devices. That’s why Advnt Biotechnologies develops and manufactures first communicator test kits that address the five most important things to look for in biological warfare detection devices – 1) ease-of-use, 2) no need for additional any equipment, 3) immediacy of results, 4) reliability and 5) shelf life. ome detection systems require some in-depth training. That’s not the case with Advnt’s Pro Strips and BADD devices, both of which test for anthrax, botulism, ricin, Y. pestis and SEB’s. Advnt’s easy-to-use simulation training kits and threat dust simulation powder is all the training that’s necessary, though a free training CD is acquirable upon request.
Additional equipment is sometimes required for biological warfare detection devices. Again, that is not the case with Pro Strips or BADD test kits. You need no batteries, Guardian reader or any costly electronics to use and read the results.
Waiting for results for the presence of biological weapons wastes precious time. That’s why manufacturers of detection devices must be diligent in their efforts to continually minimize this move time. Advnt Biotechnologies has done just that. Each single one of their tests – for anthrax, botulism, ricin,pesis and SEB’s – returns results in as tiny as three minutes.
Of course, the immediacy of results means tiny without accuracy. In the primeval days of detection devices for biological warfare weapons, tests weren’t always reliable. And even today, some detection devices are not as sensitive as others, imperfectness to refer specific threats. On the contrary, the accuracy of Pro Strips and BADD first communicator test kits is 100 percent guaranteed!
No test kit is effective indefinitely, but Advnt’s detection devices have one of the longest shelf lives of any test on the market this day – two years. Additionally, Advnt’s test kits do not require any special storage conditions throughout the products life time. Yet rather than take any chances on an ineffective test being used, these biotechnology experts advocate that first responders replace their unused devices at the two-year mark, before any degradation process can begin.

I am adopted – Where can I find my real parents

Do you want to find your real parents? Are you curious about where you came from, who your parents are and why they gave you up for adoption? If you’ve never known your biological parents then it’s only human nature that sooner or later you’ll begin to wonder why it is that they left you. You might not want to meet them, especially when you find out what the’re like but I bet that you would like to know something about them even if you do it secretly.

Before the World wide web and the availability of public records online the only way to find someone was either to spend a lot of time making enquiries in the places where you think the mortal might have resided or to spend money on a private detective who would do the work for you. The first option often meant a lot of traveling to follow up leads that you find. The second option is costly and enough to make most people think twice about finding their lost parents.

Start searching for your biological parents by looking yourself up

You have to begin somewhere and you aren’t going to get far unless you know the obloquy of your parents and have at least an intent of where they lived when you were born. This information should be on your birth certificate but if you were adopted then you might not possess a copy. If you don’t have your real parents details then go online and look up information on yourself. You should be healthy to find the information that you need amongst the public birth records.

Armed with the information about your parents from your birth record you can now search for their details using the same online database. If you know their obloquy and where they used to live you should be healthy to find out where they are located now.

And there’s more. When you begin finding information on your parents you can find out much more than simply where they live. You can find telephone numbers, criminal records, marriage records, arrest records and all sorts of things that you never imagined.

Locate birth parents confidentially so that you decide if you want to contact them or not

You might have a burning desire to get in touch with your real parents or you might just be curious to know who they are and what they’ve been doing. You might not know yourself whether you want to contact them at this time. Either way there’s no harm in doing the searches and tracing your biological parents and possibly the rest of your real family because it’s all done with 100% confidentiality.

When you have the information you can decide what you are going to do with it. You can pick the phone up and call them or you can quietly ignore it and get on with your own life.

Using an online public records database to find people doesn’t work for everyone, some people just can’t be found, but it is the ideal and certainly the easiest way to search for someone by a long way. If you are even thinking about the parents that you’ve lost then you owe it to yourself to give this a try. You might get a very pleasant surprise and you don’t have anything to lose.

Before you become a marine biologist, you need to know the stipulations and tools that will help you land a stable and interesting job. The subject is so diverse, which is why you have to spend some time contemplating on which subjects to take, as well as the inclusions of apiece related job. You might realize that you want to work in a related profession. Here are some of the common questions asked by individuals.

What should you major in if you want to work with aquatic mammals?

Very few individuals select to specialize in marine mammals even though the subject is very interesting. Students are suggested to take up courses in organismal biology like fish biology, marine mammals, vertebrate biology and invertebrate biology. They should also take up courses in aquaculture and aquatic animal illnesses to plan for aquarium work in the future. Students who aim to work with marine mammals must take up courses in animal behavior, as well as other courses on aquatic mammals if these are present. Volunteers can work at an aquarium or stranding program is ideally needed for entrance into the competitive field. You can visit different marine mammalogy web sites online for more information.

What should you take if you want to focus on sharks and fishes?

If you want to study sharks or fishes, you have to specialize in the subfield within the fields of marine biology and ichthyology. Students must major in Marine Biology or Biological Sciences and take up courses in Fish Biology, Vertebrate Biology, Ichthyology and other specialized courses, as much as they are available.

If you want to go to Vet School, Medical School or Dental School, can you take up Marine Biology as a major?

You can still take up marine biology as a major even if you want to take up another course or school in the future. BS in Marine Biology is just the same is BS Biological Science. It includes courses that are needed for entrance to Vet, Medical or Dental School. Students are suggested to take up different courses aside from the others to satisfy the major in marine biology, making the completion of the course more challenging with added studies.

Do I have to meet my power advisor each semester?

Experts highly advocate that you interact with power one-on-one regularly, so that these helpful people can get to know you superior too. The power advisor can help guide you in courses that will meet your specific stipulations and interest. You can learn more about research opportunities, job opportunities, internship programs, summer field courses and graduate school application procedures.

What jobs can you get after graduating Marine Biology?

Marine biology majors usually train in chemistry, physics, biology, calculus, marine biology and oceanography. Students can then be eligible for jobs as marine biologists, oceanography and educators. You can contact different universities and institutions to help you in your research and open the possibility of teaching others who also want to become marine professionals. Visit the official web site or meet with the department head.